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Refusing to take part in war is as ancient as war itself. This wide-ranging and original book brings together four different bodies of knowledge to examine the practice of conscientious objection: historical and philosophical analyses of conscientious objection as a critique of compulsory military service and militarization; feminist, LGBTT and queer analyses of conscientious objection as a critique of patriarchy, sexism and heterosexism; activist and academic analyses of conscientious objection as a social movement and individual act of resistance; legal analyses of the status of conscientious objection in international and national law. Conscientious objection is an increasingly important subject of academic and political debate, particularly in the USA, Israel and Turkey. This collection provides a much-needed introduction and tool for making sense of the history of nation-states in the twentieth century and understanding the political developments of the early twenty-first century.