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There has in recent years been a major push to set restrictively high standards of intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement internationally. Driven by large corporations and governments of industrial countries, this push extends even to the critical medicines and medical products sector. In this sector, the introduction of stricter IP enforcement measures is sought, among others, through pursuing the agenda of combating “counterfeits”. This book looks at recent moves at the World Health Organization (WHO) to seek endorsement of an initiative called the International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce (IMPACT) and its proposed definition of counterfeits. This approach has drawn criticism from many developing-country WHO members for seeking to address health issues relating to the quality and safety of medical products through an IP framework. Concerns over the focus on counterfeits have been heightened by a spate of seizures by European customs authorities of generic medicines in transit to developing countries on grounds of IP infringement. These seizures have further fuelled fears that linking health and IP issues would impede production of and trade in affordable, good-quality generic drugs-and poor countries access to them.